Here they construct 3 huts and they disembark the Indians along with all the gifts that were received in Europe. This task takes 5 days and Matthews also stays (for this he had come). Matthews performs a marriage of Fuegia and York, when she not more than 12 years old. FitzRoy starts off to carry out a brief exploration of the channel, and in 9 days. he returns, finding the poor clergyman hysteric: they had robbed him of everything and left him alone, so he embarks again. They offered Jemy on two occasions to keep going on the trip also, both times he refuses, so that they leave without him. On January of the 1833, Darwin and FitzRoy cross the fuegian channels in open boats, getting 120 miles away from the "Beagle" during 21 days. In the Falklands (occupied by the English from 3 January), FitzRoy buys the schooner " Unicorn " from the legendary sealer William Low and renames it "Adventure". The new boat, of 170 tons, is sent to Maldonado, with Chaffers in charge, for its reconditioning. Darwin takes advantage to explore the Eastern island of the Falklands accompanied by two Argentine gauchos, who introduce him to a barbecue with the hide still on. In August, the "Beagle" is in front of the mouth of the River Negro; FitzRoy estimates the inhabitants of Fuerte Del Carmen at 2.000, of them, 500 are black. Darwin, accompanied by Jaime Harris (who participated in the combat of the 7 of March of 1827 against Brazil) walks to BahÌa Blanca. He stays with general Rosas in his camp at Fort Mercedes, on the edge of the Colorado. Days afterward, the "Beagle" anchors opposite Bahia Blanco and soon sails to Buenos Aires; Darwin chooses to also make this passage by land, and from Sierra de la Ventana, close to Punta Alta, he takes a few dinosaur fossils. On passing through Buenos Aires territory, he notes a way to obtain good sheep dogs: from puppies they are made to feed on milk from the same sheep ewes, and then soon they are castrated. Wickham starts off for Maldonado to assume the command of the "Adventure". FitzRoy is again at Southern Tierra Del Fuego. He returns there in search of Jemy, finding him after almost a year, again naked, in hiding, dirty and hungry. He tells them that one night York and Fuegia went away taking everything, including his part of the gifts. Once more he offers Jemy the opportunity to go on the trip with them, and he refuses. A young nude Yagana was waiting for him... He had thrown out his roots. The expedition decides on Port Deseado to spend Christmas, where crews of both boats celebrate on shore. In January of 1834, FitzRoy disembarks a little to the north of San Julian Soon they interview, in Gregorio Bay, with all the people of Maria, the main location of the Tehuelches, having a lot of luck with bartering. The Tehuelches offer guanaco skins, nandu feathers, and whatever is requested in return for tobacco and firearms, putting them before knives or axes. In February, the "Beagle" anchors again in Port Hunger while "Adventure" goes to the Falklands, where Low, who had bad luck, finally resolves to incorporate into the expedition; His services are very appreciated because he has about 30 years of experience sailing the fuegian channels. FitzRoy and Darwin sail the 47 leagues again to the Santa Cruz river until they arrive at the Desilusion plains. Without knowing it, they had gotten only 7 leagues from Lake Argentino. Poor Darwin who walked half of Patagonia, went without having seen nor to have suspected the existence the huge and beautiful Perito Moreno glacier. They return to the coast, after 18 days of terrestrial exploration towards the west. The 18 of May they disembark in Cabo Virgenes. In December of 1834, the "Beagle" anchors in Port Low, in the Guaytecas islands, before sailing to Chiloe, where FitzRoy sells "Adventure". FitzRoy in January of 1835 is in Ancud, Chile where he remains a few weeks, and then begins to sail towards the north. He visits Valdivia and fort Corral constructed by the Dutch in 1643, later enlarged and improved by Spain and now in ruins, just as is fort Niebla. Darwin crosses the large island of Chiloe by land whose population he considers at 42,000 inhabitants, and writes down that three volcanoes are in activity including the Osorno which was vomiting smoke, registering the fact that the volcanoes Osorno and Aconcagua erupted the same night 19 January 1836. The "Beagle" finally anchors in Talcahuano, Chile just in time for the great earthquake of the 20 of February. From Santiago, Chile Darwin crosses the mountain range of the Andes arriving at Mendoza, Argentina going by Portillos and returning by Uspallata, 17 years after San Martin did it. Soon, the expedition puts the bow towards the Galapagos (here was where Darwin had his ecstasy and conceived the theory that began to come to being in Tierra Del Fuego and that revolutionized world-wide science), following after towards Australia. Jemy, who had had the infrequent honor of being invited to the British Court, who had twice crossed the Atlantic on board of the " Beagle " protected by FitzRoy, who had coexisted with a wise person of the stature of Darwin, who had received instruction in England, who had slept on soft beds between sheets, returned to establish his home on board a canoe, to live naked, to recover his Indian name and to lose himself inside the mysterious fuegian archipelagos, almost merged with the wild nature of one of the most inclement regions of the globe. During many years, nobody knew anything of him. Were the three yagans forgotten? Somebody remembered them in a newspaper...Especially Jemy. From the tragic death of the Pastor Allen Gardiner in Tierra Del Fuego in 1851, his successor of the Mission, Reverend Despard, was set on continuing the work of this martyr. Gardiner had conceived the idea of a traveling-floating mission, that roamed the coasts preaching to the Indians. During these years, Despard continued getting donations and started construction of his own boat. Jemy was the key to all the work, because Despard trusted that he would be the nexus between the missionaries and other Yagans, as had imagined Captain FitzRoy when he took him to England. In 1854 the well built 2 masted Schooner "Allen Gardiner" was ready. She is loaded for the voyage in the port of Bristol. Reverend Despard had chosen the Island of Keppel (VigÌa), a uninhabited territory of 2,500 hectares, in a Northern bay of the Western Falkland Islands, far from the capital, to establish an operational base. The control of the ship is trusted to captain William Parker Snow. In this initial trip, Snow transported a group consisting of Garland Phillips, a Doctor Ellis, a carpenter and a bricklayer. Despard does not participate in this first trip; He prefers to remain until the Patagonian Mission is consolidated. The "Allen Gardiner" weighs anchor finally in October of 1857 (first boat constructed especially to serve this region), arriving at Stanley Port after 3 months. The Falklands are in charge of British governor Rennie, who does not like anything that the Patagonian Mission sets out to do. Snow goes to the Keppel island where he unloads all the provisions. Phillips and Ellis remain there alone. Snow does what they ordered to him to do: go to the channel of Beagle in search of Jemy. He arrives at Spaniard Harbor, where with his wife makes a tribute to Pastor Gardiner. Afterwards he sails towards the Picton island. The name of Jemy, resounds from the forest, returns from each slope, multiplied by the echo... finally the first Indians appear. They finally find Jemy on a small island near the Hoste Island; he is dirty, timid and bent. Snow invites him to go to the Falklands or to return to England, but Jemy does not want to, so the captain returns to Keppel. On board the "Hydaspes" the Reverend George Pakenham Despard finally arrives with its wife, bringing more provisions; everything and everyone is transferred to Keppel. Despard cannot believe that Jemy did not want to come, and blames Snow for not having been more convincing. As Captain Snow considers it madness to transfer 30 wild cows on the deck, he is dismissed and replaced by Captain Robert Fell. Despard sends Allen Weare Gardiner, son of the martyr, in search of Jemy; he finds him, and this time he simply accepts to be transferred to the mission. The 16th of June, the "Gardiner" maintains course to the Falklands with Jemy on board, along with his wife and 3 children, disposed to remain for 6 months. This time Jemy gets lazy, he does not see any advantage in learning what the missionaries insist on teaching him, although he understands the importance of knowing the English language. Inversely not one English speaker learns the Yagan language, except for one... who is introduced into the family circle of Jemy: He is an adoptive son of Despard, a boy of 13 or 14 years: Thomas Bridges, who assimilates the Indian language rapidly and very soon is the recognized translator. Despard is satiated with the inconstantcy of Jemy. He takes him back to his place of origin, where he intercedes so that another 9 Yagans, that conform 3 families, among them one of their children to whom they call Billy Button, are transferred to Keppel. During this same trip, Despard chooses a place for future missions, the place already known as Wulaia, on the west shore of the Navarino island, on the Murray channel in southern Tierra Del Fuego. Despard returns to Keppel where he stays with the second group of Yagans for 10 months. We already are in 1859. Phillips is designated to head up the new expedition which is organized to construct the mission base and captain Fell is put in charge of the ship with 7 crew, among them carpenters. Between the sailing from Keppel, the passage by Stanley and the arrival to Navarino island, a conflictive situation takes place because the Yagans that are being returned, take some things and they are searched to recover them. Because of this they are very displeased, and when arriving, Jemy defends them and gets even angrier because they did not bring him gifts. However, the materials are unloaded and the construction begins on the site indicated by Despard. It is complicated because the Indians revolt trying to seize even the nails, causing increasing annoyances. So the constructors must take care of their materials, tools, and be, furthermore, looking after their firearms. Garland Phillips designs a red flag, with a cross in white letters that says "Tierra Del Fuego", and hoists it. Sunday 6 of November arrives in Wulaia. According to the instructions of the Reverend Despard, the mission should be inaugurated with a friendly Sunday service. So that Phillips and the others disembark disarmed, only taking a Bible. On board is left only Coles the cook.. The natives, many of which spoke some English, had had contact with civilization and had been baptized, attacked and massacred everyone. Alfred Coles is the only survivor and witness. From the scare, he flees in a boat; He rambles alone through the forest for a few weeks until he finds an Indian family that undresses and robustly shaves him, but allows him to stay. The time passes, and in Keppel they are worried. Finally, Despard embarks in the "Perseverance" and goes to Stanley Port, where they do not have any news either. He looks for captain Smiley, a North American of Rhode Island, who has two boats. His senior officer is an Argentine: the young Luis Piedra Buena which bothers the British. Smiley with his boat the "Nancy" and a crew of 6 men, leave immediately directly to Wulaia where he finds the "Allen Gardiner" adrift and obvious sacked. Not an Indian in sight, so they go to shore and Coles appears, naked and bruised. Also appears Jemy, very smiling; as Coles accuses him to have participated in the massacre, they take him. From the investigation made by governor Moore, the version of Coles is not clear nor the responsibility of Jemy. Despard, is completely discouraged; with this story he totally crumbles and resigns from the Patagonian Mission. He had put all his hopes in Jemy. Before going away, he allows his adoptive son, Thomas Bridges, to decide his own way, and Thomas remains. Smiley sails the "Nancy", to recover the "Gardiner", and takes Jemy back home. He finds the other boat as it was. Jemy says that he had buried the victims of the massacre, but in spite of combing the area, they did not find the graves. Smiley leaves Jemy there again, on Navarino island, but when he returns on board, he finds Okokko with his family requesting to be admitted in Keppel. Reverend Despard is replaced by Stirling, who assumes the Patagonian Mission with fervent impetus. The Mission house in Keppel is called "Sullivan House". On the arrival of Stirling in 1863, William Bartlett with its wife and children and Thomas Bridges, were already there. Also Okokko and his family. They were, furthermore, 8 horses, 83 cows, 200 ewes, 40 goats, geese and rabbits. On Keppel island coexist English residents (the Stirlings and the Bartletts), a Swiss (the missionary Rau), two Germans (Schmidt and Hunziker), with Indians Yagans (the Okokkos, also a son of Jemy Button) and tehuelches (Platero and children). Rau is dedicated to teach the young Indians, Mrs. Stirling gives seamstress classes to the women. Okokko and his wife, Ganela teach their language to young Bridges. The following year, Jemy Button dies at an estimated age of 47 years, during an epidemic that reduces the Yagan population to half. The seal hunters left a disease similar to measles from which the Yagans did not have any immunity. The loss of Jemy does not discourage Stirling nor Bridges. Young Thomas embraces the mission cause and, once ordained and married, he takes root in Ushuaia, where Pastor Stirling had lived for six months, coexisting with the Indians, and living to tell it during the year 1868. By 1871, things are stabilized. In 1869 Stirling is ordained bishop. The year following Eleonora Britten Lewis arrives at Ushuaia, with her husband Santiago and 2 small children; the youngest born in Keppel, is called Frank Ushuaia Lewis. Also Guillermo Bartlett arrives. Eleonora is the first white woman here. Thomas Bridges, now returns, with his wife Mary Varder and her daughter Maria, 9 months, who had been born in the Falklands. He had been with Stirling in Montevideo. Bridges settles in Ushuaia, at 28 years of age, sharing the house with the Lewis. This establishment is made when it is still not known as to what country its location belongs. A decade later it is determined that this zone belongs to Argentina. Bridges does not speak Spanish, but does speak the language Yagan. As soon as the international limits are formalized, Thomas adopts Argentine citizenship; on the other hand, he concurs with its friend Brown Francisco in the guidelines for delimitation. Thomas Bridges realized the only dictionary English -Yagan, of about 30,000 expressions, plus 500 Haush terms. Furthermore, he translated, into Yagan, the Gospels according to Luke and John plus Acts. As Stirling and the Lewis go away, the Bridges are the first family who indeed take root in Tierra Del Fuego, and the second one is the Lawrences: Descendants of both families still live on the big island of Tierra Del Fuego today. The 5th of March, during a stay of Stirling, already bishop, he performs 36 baptisms and 7 marriages in Ushuaia. A grandson of Jemy is baptized as Robert FitzRoy Button on the occasion . This multiple ceremony is the beginning of a registry (the first of the people) that is conserved in the Museum of that austral city today. A couple of years later, none the less than Fuegia Basket visits Bridges in Ushuaia,. She is more than 50 years old and has a husband of 18, a habitual custom between Yagans. She still speaks some English. There were considered 6.000-10,000 yagan Indians in all of Patagonia. Bridges calculates that there are only 3,000 fuegians are left in 1880. Thomas Bridges returns to see Fuegia Basket near the London island. She is very old and sick, fearing that their relatives will strangle her. From the beginning of the mission of Bridges in Ushuaia, sheep are taken to Navarino island, routines are established for shearing and some Yagans learn how to do it, others to cultivate plants, others are boat crews. Bridges effects a census of Yagans in 1884: There are left only 1,000 of which 273 are men, 314 women and 413 are children. In 1907, in the large fuegian mission of "La Candelaria" there were about 800 Onas left, the mission of Ushuaia closes for lack of Yagans. A little later, the Salesianos leave their mission on Dawson island, transferring the last natives they had to Candelaria: 4 men, 12 women, 2 young men and 3 baby girls. According to Pastor Lawrence, by 1913 there are 300 Onas left, 100 Yagans and 5 Haush. La Candelaria had, towards 1930, only 30 Indians living there. In 1966, the Nation had a census of pure Indians. In Tierra Del Fuego according to this census, only 8 pure native were alive, of which two were Yagans: AgustÌn and Norberto Clemente. There are two Yagans left, Ursula, 76 and Cristina,72 living in the Yagan Indian Village of Puerto Williams. More history of Jemy Button and the Missionaries
A Yagan
